Serialism is dodecaphony taken to its limit. Where Schoenberg's row governed only pitches, in the work of Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Luigi Nono, rhythms, dynamics (from pp to fff), timbre (the order of instrumental entries), and articulation (staccato, legato) are all serialized.
Cult works: Le Marteau sans maître by Boulez (1955), Gruppen by Stockhausen (1957) — for three orchestras. Serialism is intellectual, calculated music that sometimes sounds “cold,” yet possesses astonishing inner logic. This movement influenced the Ukrainian composer Leonid Hrabovsky, a co-founder of the group known as the “Kyiv Avant-garde.”
