The kaval is a traditional end-blown flute widespread in the Balkans (Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia, Romania), in Anatolia, and among other peoples of the region. It is a wooden tube open at both ends with finger holes, long a favourite instrument of shepherds.
The sound is produced by directing air at an angle against the sharp edge of the tube's end, so skilful playing demands considerable command of the breath. The kaval is famed for its remarkably warm, “velvet,” and soulful timbre in the low register and its bright, somewhat piercing one in the high. Its rich, expressive voice can convey both a calm, contemplative songfulness and virtuoso, ornamented passages. The kaval holds an honoured place in the folk music of the Balkans and is one of the symbols of the shepherd's musical tradition.
